CLINICAL PROTOCOLS ADOPTED BY NURSES IN THE EXTRAVASATION OF ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW / PROTOCOLOS CLÍNICOS ADOPTADOS POR ENFERMERÍA EN LA EXTRAVASACIÓN DE FÁRMACOS ANTINEOPLÁSICOS: UNA REVISIÓN INTEGRADORA / PROTOCOLOS CLÍNICOS ADOTADOS PELOS ENFERMEIROS NO EXTRAVASAMENTO DE ANTINEOPLÁSICOS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

Objective: To identify the patient safety measures and clinical protocols adopted by nurses in the case of antineoplastic extravasation. Methodology: The research approach was based on an integrative literature review that used the PICo strategy to structure the research question. Bibliographic surveys were carried out using the MEDLINE, Lilacs, BDENF, SciELO and PubMed databases using the following terms according to DeCS: "Clinical Protocols", " Extravasation of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Materials", "Oncology Nursing", "Patient Safety", "Antineoplastics". After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 articles were selected, read in full, classified and organized according to the theme, and critically analyzed. Results: From the analysis of the studies, it was possible to delimit the main actions and knowledge of nurses in the management and guarantee of patient safety in the face of antineoplastic extravasation, as well as promising new managements in the prevention and treatment of this aggravation. Conclusion: Nurses' knowledge of specific measures for antineoplastic drug leakage is incipient, and there is a clear need for research to minimize the gaps in innovative knowledge in nursing practice with the aim of preventing extravasation.

Objetivo: Identificar las medidas de seguridad del paciente y los protocolos clínicos adoptados por el personal de enfermería en el caso de extravasación de antineoplásicos. Metodología: El abordaje de la investigación se basó en una revisión bibliográfica integradora que utilizó la estrategia PICo para estructurar la pregunta de investigación. Las pesquisas bibliográficas fueron realizadas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Lilacs, BDENF, SciELO y PubMed, utilizando los siguientes términos de acuerdo con el DeCS: "Protocolos clínicos", " Extravasación de material terapéutico y de diagnóstico", "Enfermería oncológica", "Seguridad del paciente", "Antineoplásicos". Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 25 artículos, que fueron leídos en su totalidad, clasificados y organizados según el tema, y analizados críticamente. Resultados: A partir del análisis de los estudios, fue posible delinear las principales acciones y conocimientos de las enfermeras en el manejo y garantía de la seguridad del paciente ante la extravasación de antineoplásicos, así como nuevos manejos promisorios en la prevención y tratamiento de este agravamiento. Conclusión: El conocimiento de las enfermeras sobre las medidas específicas para la fuga de fármacos antineoplásicos es incipiente, existiendo una clara necesidad de investigación para minimizar las lagunas de conocimiento innovador en la práctica enfermera con el objetivo de prevenir la extravasación.

Objetivo: Identificar quais são as medidas de segurança do paciente e protocolos clínicos adotados pelos enfermeiros no extravasamento de antineoplásicos. Metodologia: A abordagem da pesquisa se deu a partir de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que se utilizou da estratégia PICo para estruturar a questão de pesquisa. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE, Lilacs, BDENF, SciELO e PubMed utilizando os termos segundo o DeCS: "Protocolos Clínicos", "Extravasamento de Materiais Terapêuticos e Diagnósticos", "Enfermagem Oncológica", "Segurança do paciente", "Antineoplásicos". Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 25 artigos lidos na íntegra, classificados e organizados conforme a temática, e analisados criticamente. Resultados: A partir da análise dos estudos, foi possível delimitar as principais ações e conhecimentos dos enfermeiros no manejo e garantia da segurança do paciente diante do extravasamento de antineoplásicos, assim como novos manejos promissores na prevenção e tratamento deste agravo. Conclusão: Incipiente é o conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre as medidas específicas diante do extravasamento de antineoplásicos, com evidente necessidade de pesquisas que minimizem as lacunas no conhecimento inovador na prática da enfermagem com desígnio de prevenir  o extravasamento.

Tumor glómico causante de dolor de dedo crónico: la prueba de detección de isquemia es un signo clínico fiable para su diagnóstico. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Glomus tumor causing chronic finger pain: Ischemia test is a reliable clinical sign for the diagnosis. Case report and review of literature

Los tumores glómicos (TG) son neoplasias benignas raras, que se derivan de la estructura neuroarterial denominada cuerpo glómico, un shunt arteriovenoso especializado implicado en la regulación de la temperatura. Representan menos de 2% de los tumores del tejido blando, y entre 1 y 4,5% de los tumores de la mano. Aun cuando sus primeras descripciones aparecieron hace casi 100 años, son comunes la demora y la ausencia diagnósticas, las cuales originan un sufrimiento terrible. La tríada diagnóstica clásica consiste en dolor espontáneo, sensación de presión y sensibilidad, e hipersensibilidad al frío. La imagen de resonancia magnética (IRM) sigue siendo la modalidad de imagen más útil. La supresión del dolor tras inflar un esfigmomanómetro por encima de los niveles de la presión arterial sistólica (prueba de detección de isquemia) es altamente diagnóstica, por lo que sugerimos el uso rutinario de esta prueba simple en los casos de dolor en la extremidad superior de etiología desconocida. La resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección, y es curativa. (AU)

Glomus tumors are a rare benign neoplasm arising from the neuroarterial structure called the glomus body, a specialized arteriovenous shunt involved in temperature regulation. They represent less than 2% of soft tissue tumors and between 1 and 4.5% of hand's tumors. Even though its first descriptions appeared almost 100 years ago, late and missed diagnoses are common, which leads to terrible suffering. The classic diagnostic triad consists of spontaneous pain, pressure sensation and tenderness, and cold hypersensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging stills the most useful imaging modality. Abolition of pain after inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic blood pressure levels (ischemia test) is highly diagnostic, so we suggest the routine use of this simple test in cases of upper limb pain of unknown etiology clear. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and is curative. (AU)

Estenosis arterial del injerto renal: evaluación de la incidencia mediante ecografía doppler, factores de riesgo y análisis de las complicaciones que pueden afectar a la supervivencia del injerto / Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes

Introducción y objetivos La estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal (EAR) es una complicación vascular del trasplante renal cuya incidencia estimada es del 13%, la cual puede causar hipertensión arterial refractaria, disfunción renal y muerte prematura en los receptores. Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal entre 2014 y 2020. Los pacientes fueron evaluados mediante ecografía doppler renal sistemática tras el trasplante. Para identificar los factores de riesgo independientes de la estenosis de la arteria renal tras el trasplante, realizamos un análisis multivariante. Resultados Se incluyeron 724 trasplantes renales, el 12% eran de donante vivo y el 88% de donante fallecido. La edad media en los receptores era de 54,8 años y en los donantes era de 53. Se diagnosticó estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en 70 (10%) receptores, la mayoría durante los primeros 6 meses después de la intervención. El 51% de los pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal se manejaron de manera conservadora. El análisis multivariante mostró que la diabetes mellitus, el rechazo del injerto, la resutura arterial y el índice de masa corporal del donante eran factores de riesgo independientes de estenosis de la arteria renal después del trasplante. La supervivencia de los injertos con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal fue del 98% a los 6 meses y del 95% a los 2 años. Conclusiones El uso sistemático de la ecografía doppler en el período inmediatamente posterior al trasplante permitió diagnosticar un 10% de estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en nuestra cohorte. A pesar de los factores de riesgo mencionados anteriormente, un seguimiento y tratamiento adecuados podrían reducir el riesgo de pérdida del injerto en pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal. (AU)

Introduction and objectives Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. Methods We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. Results Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. The 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. Conclusions The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis. (AU)

Elaboración de una escala de puntuación predictiva de infección periamigdalina basada en signos y síntomas / Design of a predictive score table for peritonsillar infection based on signs and symptoms

Introducción La infección periamigdalina (IPA) supone un motivo de consulta urgente entre las molestias de garganta. Un diagnóstico diferido o incorrecto puede comprometer la vía aerodigestiva alta y resultar mortal en su evolución. Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un modelo predictivo de presencia de IPA que ayude en su rápida detección. Pacientes y métodos Un estudio observacional retrospectivo de 66 meses desde 2017 fue desarrollado en un hospital comarcal y su centro terciario de referencia, recogiendo datos de todos los pacientes diagnosticados de IPA y un volumen proporcional de sujetos con sintomatología faríngea sin IPA. Recopilación de datos clínicos, exploratorios y demográficos entre participantes. Su mayor riesgo relativo de presencia de IPA los etiquetó como variables a testar. Elaboración de una escala de puntuación de probabilidad de padecerla y análisis de regresión logística, con obtención de la curva ROC que ofreciera mejor correlación diagnóstica. Validación interna y cálculo de los valores predictivos de este modelo. Resultados Sobre 348 casos de IPA, la escala de valoración puntuó la presencia de 6 variables: trismus (3), disfagia-odinofagia unilateral (2), abombamiento velar (2), otalgia refleja (1), faringolalia (1) y edad de 16-46 años (1). Con un rango de 0 a 10, un cut-off≥6 ofreció una sensibilidad del 96,1%, una especificidad del 93,9% y una eficienca del 94,9%. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0,979. Conclusiones La validación interna de este modelo basado en signos y síntomas la faculta como herramienta muy útil para detectar precozmente IPA en otorrinolaringología y atención primaria (AU)

Background Peritonsillar infection (PTI) is a reason for urgent consultation due to intense throat discomfort. A delayed or inaccurate diagnosis can jeopardize the upper aerodigestive tract and be fatal in its evolution. Our objective was to develop a predictive model for the presence of IPA helping in its rapid detection. Patients and methods A 66-month retrospective observational study from 2017 was carried out in a county and tertiary referral hospitals, registering data from all patients diagnosed with PTI and a proportional volume of subjects with pharyngeal symptoms without PTI. Collection of clinical, exploratory and demographic data among participants. Their higher relative risk of PTI presence allowed them to be considered as variables to be tested. Development of a scoring scale for the probability of suffering from it and logistic regression analysis, obtaining the ROC curve with the best diagnostic correlation. Internal validation and estimation of the predictive values of the model. Results On 348 cases of PTI, the assessment scale scored the presence of six variables: trismus (3), unilateral dysphagia-odynophagia (2), velar bulging (2), reflex otalgia (1), pharyngolalia (1) and age between 16 and 46 years (1). With a range of 0-10, a cut-off ≥6 offered a sensitivity of 96.1%, a specificity of 93.9%, and an efficiency of 94.9%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.979. Conclusions The internal validation of this model based on signs and symptoms makes it a very useful tool for early detection of PTI in otorhinolaryngology and primary care (AU)

Glomus tumor causing chronic finger pain: ischemia test is a reliable clinical sign for the diagnosis. Case report and review of literature.

Glomus tumors are a rare, benign neoplasm arising from the neuroarterial structure known as the glomus body, which is a specialized arteriovenous shunt involved in temperature regulation. They account for less than 2% of soft tissue tumors and between 1% and 4.5% of tumors in the hand.. Despite their first descriptions appearing almost 100 years ago, late and missed diagnoses are common, leading to significant suffering. The classic diagnostic triad includes spontaneous pain, a sensation of pressure and tenderness, and cold hypersensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging remains the most useful imaging modality. The abolition of pain after inflating a blood pressure cuff above the systolic blood pressure level (ischemia test) is highly diagnostic.Therefore, we suggest the routine use of this simple test in cases of upper limb pain of unclear etiology . Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and is curative.

[Design of a predictive score table for peritonsillar infection based on signs and symptoms]. / Elaboración de una escala de puntuación predictiva de infección periamigdalina basada en signos y síntomas.

BACKGROUND: Peritonsillar infection (PTI) is a reason for urgent consultation due to intense throat discomfort. A delayed or inaccurate diagnosis can jeopardize the upper aerodigestive tract and be fatal in its evolution. Our objective was to develop a predictive model for the presence of IPA helping in its rapid detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 66-month retrospective observational study from 2017 was carried out in a county and tertiary referral hospitals, registering data from all patients diagnosed with PTI and a proportional volume of subjects with pharyngeal symptoms without PTI. Collection of clinical, exploratory and demographic data among participants. Their higher relative risk of PTI presence allowed them to be considered as variables to be tested. Development of a scoring scale for the probability of suffering from it and logistic regression analysis, obtaining the ROC curve with the best diagnostic correlation. Internal validation and estimation of the predictive values of the model. RESULTS: On 348 cases of PTI, the assessment scale scored the presence of six variables: trismus (3), unilateral dysphagia-odynophagia (2), velar bulging (2), reflex otalgia (1), pharyngolalia (1) and age between 16 and 46 years (1). With a range of 0-10, a cut-off ≥6 offered a sensitivity of 96.1%, a specificity of 93.9%, and an efficiency of 94.9%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.979. CONCLUSIONS: The internal validation of this model based on signs and symptoms makes it a very useful tool for early detection of PTI in otorhinolaryngology and primary care.

Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% ​​were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis.

Formas atípicas de presentación de enfermedad celíaca / Atypical forms of presentation of celiac disease

Introducción: La enfermedad celíaca es una enfermedad de base autoinmune, desencadenada por la ingesta de gluten en individuos con una predisposición genética. Presenta una amplia variabilidad clínica, siendo los síntomas más frecuentes la diarrea, la pérdida de peso y la distensión abdominal. Presentamos tres casos clínicos con diferentes formas de presentación. Casos clínicos. Caso 1 y 2: Dos lactantes de 11 meses, gemelos monocoriales biamnióticos, que acuden a Urgencias por clínica gastrointestinal de forma simultánea. Asocian diarrea con pérdida de peso importante e intolerancia oral completa. Precisan ingreso hospitalario para completar diagnóstico e intervención nutricional. Caso 3: Niño de 4 años que acude a Urgencias por dolor abdominal de inicio brusco con mal estado general, abdomen muy distendido con defensa generalizada. En prueba de imagen se detecta dilatación de asas de intestino delgado y colon. Se mantiene actitud expectante sin precisar intervención quirúrgica. Rehistoriando, refieren episodios de diarrea intermitente con dolor abdominal desde hace 5 meses, lo que permite completar estudio de enfermedad celíaca.(AU)

Introduction: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune-based disease, triggered by the ingestion of gluten in individuals with a genetic predisposition. It presents a wide clinical variability, the most frequent symptoms being diarrhoea, weight loss and abdominal distension. We present three clinical cases with different forms of presentation. Case reports. Case 1 and 2: Two 11-month-old infants, biamniotic monochorionic twins, presented to the Emergency department with simultaneous gastrointestinal symptoms. They had diarrhoea with significant weight loss and complete oral intolerance. They required hospital admission to complete diagnosis and nutritional intervention. Case 3: 4-year-old boy attended the Emergency department for abdominal pain with abrupt onset and poor general condition, very distended abdomen with generalised defence. Imaging tests showed dilated loops of the small intestine and colon. A wait-and-see attitude was maintained without requiring surgical intervention. On re-history, the patient reported episodes of intermittent diarrhoea with abdominal pain for the last 5 months, which led to the completion of the study of coeliac disease.(AU)

Perfil clínico, farmacoterapêutico e laboratorial de pacientes internados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda / Clinical, pharmacotherapeutic and laboratory profile of hospitalized patients with acute heart failure / Perfil clínico, farmacoterapéutico y de laboratorio de los pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda

A insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA) é uma das causas mais comuns de internação hospitalar, associada a um alto risco de mortalidade. O tratamento atual é principalmente sintomático, sendo os exames laboratoriais realizados, a fim de complementar a avaliação clínica no diagnóstico e auxiliar no estabelecimento do perfil de risco admissional e prognóstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil clínico, farmacoterapêutico e laboratorial de pacientes internados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda em hospital referência regional. Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo foram aqueles com alta médica por ICA pela classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), admitidos na sala de emergência. Excluindo-se a participação de pacientes com tempo de internação inferior a 24 horas, menores de 18 anos. Para análise estatística foi usado o programa SPSS versão 21.0. Quanto ao perfil farmacoterapêutico, os medicamentos mais frequentes foram os que atuam no aparelho cardiovascular e aparelho digestivo e metabolismo, sendo a furosemida o fármaco mais frequente. A análise entre as alterações laboratoriais e a escala de ADHERE, revelou diferença estatística significativa entre os pacientes com risco baixo e risco intermediário/alto nos valores de hemoglobina (p=0,005), TGO (p=0,001), creatinina (p=0,000), ureia (p=0,000), potássio (p=0,004), TTPA (p=0,004) e RNI (p=0,021). Concluiu-se que os medicamentos frequentemente corresponderam ao tratamento recomendado no manejo inicial de pacientes com ICA. O risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar intermediário/alto de acordo com a escala de ADHERE estavam associados com alterações laboratoriais dos pacientes com ICA.

Acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization, associated with a high risk of mortality. The current treatment is mainly symptomatic, and laboratory tests are carried out in order to complement the clinical evaluation in the diagnosis and help in establishing the admission and prognostic risk profile. This study aimed to characterize the clinical, pharmacotherapeutic and laboratory profile of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure in a regional reference hospital. This is a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Study participants were those discharged due to AHF according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), admitted to the emergency room. Excluding the participation of patients with hospitalization time of less than 24 hours, under 18 years old. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 21.0 was used. As for the pharmacotherapeutic profile, the most frequent drugs were those that act on the cardiovascular and digestive systems and metabolism, with furosemide being the most frequent drug. The analysis between laboratory changes and the ADHERE scale revealed a statistically significant difference between patients at low risk and intermediate/high risk in hemoglobin (p=0.005), TGO (p=0.001), creatinine (p=0.000) values, urea (p=0.000), potassium (p=0.004), APTT (p=0.004) and INR (p=0.021). It was concluded that the medications often corresponded to the recommended treatment in the initial management of patients with AHF. Intermediate/high risk of in-hospital mortality according to the ADHERE scale were associated with laboratory alterations in patients with AHF.

La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de hospitalización, asociada a un alto riesgo de mortalidad. El tratamiento actual es principalmente sintomático y se realizan pruebas de laboratorio para complementar la evaluación clínica en el diagnóstico y ayudar a establecer el perfil de riesgo de ingreso y pronóstico. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el perfil clínico, farmacoterapéutico y de laboratorio de pacientes hospitalizados con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital regional de referencia. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Los participantes del estudio fueron los dados de alta por ICA según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10), ingresados en urgencias. Se excluye la participación de pacientes con tiempo de hospitalización menor a 24 horas, menores de 18 años. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó SPSS versión 21.0. En cuanto al perfil farmacoterapéutico, los fármacos más frecuentes fueron los que actúan sobre los sistemas cardiovascular, digestivo y el metabolismo, siendo la furosemida el fármaco más frecuente. El análisis entre los cambios de laboratorio y la escala ADHERE reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los pacientes de riesgo bajo e intermedio/alto en los valores de hemoglobina (p=0,005), TGO (p=0,001), creatinina (p=0,000), urea (p =0,000), potasio (p=0,004), APTT (p=0,004) e INR (p=0,021). Se concluyó que los medicamentos correspondían muchas veces al tratamiento recomendado en el manejo inicial de pacientes con ICA. El riesgo intermedio/alto de mortalidad hospitalaria según la escala ADHERE se asoció con alteraciones de laboratorio en pacientes con ICA.

Tabla de la normalidad de las pruebas psicométricas para el diagnóstico de encefalopatía hepática subclínica en la población Dominicana / Score of normality psychometric tests for the diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in the Dominican Population

Introducción: La encefalopatía hepática mínima (EHM), es una enfermedad definida por la existencia de varias alteraciones neurofisiológicas, indetectables a la exploración neurológica y el examen clínico. Dentro de las estrategias diagnosticas para la EHM se contemplan las pruebas psicométricas (PHE), pero para su aplicación es indispensable la estandarización previamente en la población de estudio. Objetivo: El estudio se propuso determinar la tabla de la normalidad de las PHE para diagnosticar la encefalopatía hepática subclínica en una muestra de la población dominicana. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal en un hospital de referencia nacional. Se analizaron 134 personas clasificados por grupos de edades (18-70 años de edad) y años de escolaridad. Se diseñó una tabla de 5x5. Se estudió la influencia de la edad, sexo, uso de espejuelo y de los años de escolarización en el rendimiento de cada uno de las PHE, para lo cual se utilizaron las siguientes pruebas estadísticas: análisis de varianza (ANOVA), prueba t de Student y regresión lineal. Resultado: La escolaridad y la edad fueron variables determinantes en el desempeño de las 5 pruebas psicométricas. Pero, la correlación univariable de la edad con el desempeño de la prueba TMS no hubo diferencias intra e inter grupos estadísticamente significativas (p>0.171). Conclusión: se confecciono la fórmula de predicción de resultados de los test psicométricos. Ninguno sobrepasó el punto de corte de la puntuación que oscila entre los -4 y los +2 puntos.

Introduction: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a disease defined by the existence of several neurophysiological alterations, undetectable by neurological examination and clinical examination. Among the diagnostic strategies for EHM, psychometric tests (PHE) are contemplated, but for their application, prior standardization in the study population is essential. Objective: The study will need to determine the normality table of PHE to detect subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in a sample of the Dominican population. Method: A descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in a national reference hospital. 134 people classified by age groups (18-70 years of age) and years of schooling were analyzed. A 5x5 board is recommended. The influence of age, sex, use of glasses and years of schooling on the performance of each one of the PHEs was studied, for which the following statistical tests were used: analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t test and linear regression. Result: Schooling and age were determining variables in the performance of the 5 psychometric tests. But, the univariate coincidence of age with the performance of the TMS test, there were no statistically significant intra and inter group differences (p>0.171). Conclusion: the formula for predicting the results of the psychometric tests was made. None exceeded the cut-off point of the score that oscillates between -4 and +2 points.

A cost-effectiveness analysis of a novel algorithm to sequentially diagnose leprosy based on manufactured tests under the SUS perspective / Análise de custo-efetividade de um novo algoritmo para exame sequencial de hanseníase baseado em testes fabricados sob a perspectiva do SUS / Análisis de costo-efectividad de un nuevo algoritmo para el examen secuencial de lepra basado en pruebas fabricadas bajo la perspectiva del SUS

Abstract: Brazil has the second largest number of leprosy cases (a disease with a significant burden) in the world. Despite global and local efforts to eliminate this public health problem, inadequate or late diagnosis contribute to perpetuate its transmission, especially among household contacts. Tests such as the rapid IgM antibody detection (RT) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were developed to overcome the challenges of early diagnosis of leprosy. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of a new diagnostic algorithm recommended by the Brazilian government to diagnose leprosy in household contacts of confirmed leprosy cases, which includes the RT and RT-PCR tests. A decision tree model was constructed and the perspective of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and a 1-year time horizon were adopted. Only direct medical costs related to diagnostic tests were included. Effectiveness was measured as the number of avoided undiagnosed leprosy cases. Different scenarios were analyzed. The sequential use of RT, slit-skin smear (SSS) microscopy, and RT-PCR as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health was compared to a base case (isolated SSS microscopy), yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD 616.46 per avoided undiagnosed leprosy case. Univariate sensitivity analysis showed that the prevalence of leprosy among household contacts was the variable that influenced the model the most. This is the first economic model to analyze a diagnostic algorithm of leprosy. Results may aid managers to define policies and strategies to eradicate leprosy in Brazil.

Resumo: O Brasil tem o segundo maior número de casos de hanseníase (doença com carga significativa) do mundo. Apesar dos esforços globais e locais para eliminar esse problema de saúde pública, o diagnóstico inadequado ou tardio contribui para perpetuar sua transmissão, especialmente entre contatos intradomiciliares. Exames como o teste rápido de anticorpos IgM (RT) e a reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) foram desenvolvidos para superar as barreiras do diagnóstico precoce da hanseníase. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação custo-efetividade de um novo algoritmo de diagnóstico recomendado pelo governo brasileiro para diagnosticar a hanseníase em contatos domiciliares de casos confirmados de hanseníase, que inclui os testes RT e RT-PCR. Foi construído um modelo de árvore de decisão e adotada a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) considerando o período de um ano. Foram incluídos apenas os custos médicos diretos relacionados aos exames diagnósticos. A efetividade foi medida considerando o número de casos evitados de hanseníase. Diferentes cenários foram analisados. O uso sequencial de RT, baciloscopia e RT-PCR, conforme recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde, foi comparado a um caso base (baciloscopia isolada), obtendo-se uma razão de custo-efetividade incremental de USD 616,46 por caso evitado de hanseníase. A análise de sensibilidade univariada mostrou que a prevalência de hanseníase entre contatos intradomiciliares foi a variável que mais influenciou o modelo. Este é o primeiro modelo econômico a analisar um algoritmo diagnóstico da hanseníase. Os resultados poderão auxiliar os gestores na definição de políticas e estratégias para a erradicação da hanseníase no Brasil.

Resumen: Brasil tiene el segundo mayor número de casos de lepra (enfermedad con carga significativa) del mundo. A pesar de los esfuerzos globales y locales para eliminar ese problema de salud pública, el diagnóstico inadecuado o tardío contribuye a perpetuar su transmisión, sobre todo entre contactos intradomiciliarios. Los exámenes como la prueba rápida de anticuerpos IgM (RT) y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) se desarrollaron para superar las barreras del diagnóstico precoz de la lepra. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación de costo-efectividad de un nuevo algoritmo de diagnóstico recomendado por el gobierno brasileño para diagnosticar la lepra en contactos domiciliarios de casos confirmados de lepra, que incluye las pruebas RT y RT-PCR. Se construyó un modelo de árbol de decisión y se adoptó la perspectiva del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) teniendo en cuenta el periodo de un año. Solo se incluyeron los costos médicos directos relacionados con los exámenes diagnósticos. Se midió la efectividad teniendo en cuenta el número de casos de lepra evitados. Se analizaron distintos escenarios. Se comparó el uso secuencial de RT, baciloscopia y RT-PCR, conforme el Ministerio de Salud recomienda, con un caso base (baciloscopia aislada), y se obtuvo un cociente de costo-efectividad incremental de USD 616,46 por cada caso de lepra evitado. El análisis de sensibilidad univariante mostró que la prevalencia de lepra entre contactos intradomiciliarios fue la variable que más influyó el modelo. Este es el primer modelo económico que analiza un algoritmo diagnóstico de lepra. Los resultados podrán ayudar los gestores a definir políticas y estrategias para erradicar la lepra en Brasil.

Cefalea atribuida a ictus isquémico. Actualización semiológica y diagnóstica / Headache attributed to ischaemic stroke. An update on its semiology and diagnosis

Introducción: La cefalea es un síntoma frecuente tras el ictus isquémico agudo. Su identificación y diagnóstico constituyen un reto por el perfil de paciente y los criterios diagnósticos actuales de esta entidad. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia de cefalea atribuida a ictus isquémico y su forma persistente, y analizar las variables clinicodemográficas y el grado de cumplimiento de los criterios de la Clasificación Internacional de Cefaleas (ICHD-III). Pacientes y métodos: Es un estudio observacional analítico de cohortes prospectivo de pacientes ingresados con ictus isquémico agudo en la unidad de ictus de un hospital de tercer nivel en un período de 12 meses. Resultados: Se incluyó a 244 pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo (el 59,8%, varones; edad media: 71 ± 12,8 años). El 23,2% presentó cefalea en el momento del ingreso o bien en las primeras 72 horas y el 12,5% de ellos presentó cefalea persistente atribuida a ictus isquémico. El 62,5% cumplió los criterios diagnósticos de acuerdo con la ICHD-III. Conclusión: La cefalea tras el ictus isquémico es un síntoma frecuente. Su aparición se asoció al sexo femenino, al ictus de territorio vertebrobasilar y a puntuaciones bajas en la National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Sería recomendable revisar los criterios diagnósticos actuales.(AU)

Introduction: Headache is a common symptom in acute ischemic stroke which is often overlooked and undertreated because of focus in neurologic function, communication difficulties in stroke patients and the current diagnostic criteria of this type of headache. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Acute and Persistent Headache Attributed to Ischemic Stroke and to analyze the fulfillment of the criteria of the International Classification of Headaches (ICHD-IID). Patients and methods: Prospective observational analytical cohort study. The study population consisted of patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Stroke Unit of a tertiary care hospital over a period of 12 months. Results: Two hundred and forty-four patients with acute ischemic stroke (59.8% males, mean age 71+12.8 years) were included. Headache at onset or at the first 72 hours was present in 23.2% and 12.5% of them presented persistent headache attributed to ischemic stroke. Only 62.5% of the headaches at stroke onset fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of ICHD-III. Conclusion: Headache after ischemic stroke is a common symptom. It was associated with female sex, posterior circulation stroke and low scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The current diagnostic criteria should be reviewed.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings in autoimmune hepatitis: how frequent and reproducible are they? / Achados de imagem por ressonância magnética na hepatite autoimune: quão frequentes e reprodutíveis são eles?

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency and interobserver reproducibility of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features considered diagnostic for autoimmune hepatitis. Materials and Methods: Two abdominal radiologists, blinded to pathology data, reviewed the MRI examinations of 20 patients with autoimmune hepatitis, looking for liver enhancement, lymphadenopathy, portal hypertension, and chronic liver disease. The pattern of liver fibrosis was categorized as reticular, confluent, or mixed. Interobserver agreement was assessed by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients and kappa statistics. Results: The most common abnormal finding on MRI was surface nodularity (in 85%), followed by liver fibrosis with a reticular pattern (in 80%)—categorized as mild (in 25.0%), moderate (in 43.8%), or severe (in 31.2%)—; heterogeneous liver enhancement (in 65%); splenomegaly (in 60%); caudate lobe enlargement (in 50%); and lymphadenopathy (in 40%). The interobserver agreement was almost perfect for surface nodularity (0.83), ascites (0.89), and liver volume (0.95), whereas it was just slight and fair for the degree of fibrosis and for heterogeneous liver enhancement (0.12 and 0.25, respectively). It was also slight and fair for expanded gallbladder fossa and enlarged preportal space (0.14 and 0.36, respectively), both of which are indicative of chronic liver disease. Conclusion: The interobserver agreement was satisfactory for surface nodularity (the most prevalent abnormal MRI finding), ascites, liver volume, and splenomegaly. Conversely, it was only slight or fair for common but less objective criteria.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a frequência e reprodutibilidade interobservador das características de imagem por ressonância magnética na hepatite autoimune. Materiais e Métodos: Dois radiologistas abdominais, cegos para dados patológicos, revisaram ressonâncias magnéticas de 20 pacientes com hepatite autoimune quanto ao realce hepático, linfadenopatia, hipertensão portal e doença hepática crônica. A fibrose foi classificada como reticular, confluente ou ambas. A concordância interobservador foi avaliada por coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e estatística kappa. Resultados: O achado anormal mais comum foi nodularidade superficial (85%), seguido de fibrose reticular hepática (80%) — leve (25%), moderada (43,8%), grave (31,2%) —, realce heterogêneo (65%), esplenomegalia (60%), aumento do lobo caudado (50%) e linfadenopatia (40%). A concordância interobservador foi quase perfeita para nodularidade superficial (0,83), ascite (0,89) e volume hepático (0,95); entretanto, foi apenas leve (0,12) e razoável (0,25) para grau de fibrose e realce heterogêneo, respectivamente. Também foi leve (0,14) ou regular (0,36) para achados de doença hepática crônica, como fossa da vesícula biliar expandida e espaço pré-portal alargado, respectivamente. Conclusão: A concordância geral foi satisfatória para nodularidade superficial (achado anormal mais prevalente), ascite, volume hepático e esplenomegalia. Critérios frequentes, porém menos objetivos, tiveram apenas concordância leve a razoável.

Baciloscopia para hanseníase no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil entre 2013 e 2022 / Bacilloscopy for leprosy in Brazil's public health system between 2013 and 2022

Objetivo: Avaliar a quantidade anual de baciloscopias para hanseníase realizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nos últimos dez anos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico, longitudinal, retrospectivo e quantitativo, utilizando dados do Sistema de InformaçõesAmbulatoriais (SIA/SUS). A quantidade de baciloscopias para hanseníase a cada 100.000 residentes foi estimada para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões, avaliada entre 2013 e 2022 com nível de significância (a) de 5%. Resultados:Mais de 1,3 milhões de baciloscopias foram notificadas nos últimos dez anos no SUS. A mediana da incidência anual foi de 67 baciloscopias para hanseníase por 100.000 residentes, sendo a máxima observada em 2013 (82) e a mínima em 2022 (46). As incidências anuais nas macrorregiões Norte, Centro-oeste e Nordeste foram significativamente superiores à estimativa nacional, enquanto no Sul e Sudeste foram inferiores (p<0,05). A tendência temporal foi considerada decrescente para a estimativa nacional (p= 0,002), com variação percentualanual de -5,6% (IC95% = -3,8%; -8,2%). Entretanto, após desconsiderar os anos da pandemia de COVID-19 (2020-2022), a tendência tornou-se estacionária (p= 0,181). Além disso, a incidência durante o período pré-pandêmico foi significativamente maior quandocomparada ao terceiro ano após o advento da pandemia em todas as macrorregiões do Brasil (p<0,05). Conclusão:Foi possível concluir que o SUS realizou um número expressivo de baciloscopias para hanseníase nos últimos dez anos, mas existem disparidades macrorregionais no Brasil, bem como um impacto significativo da pandemia de COVID-19

Objective:To evaluate the annual number of skin smear microscopies for leprosy performed in the Unified Health System (SUS) in the last decade. Methods:An ecological, longitudinal, retrospective, and quantitative study was conducted using data from the Ambulatory Information System (SIA/SUS). The number of skin smear microscopies for leprosy per 100,000 residents was estimated for Brazil and its five macroregions, between 2013 and 2022, with a significance level (a) of 5%.Results:More than 1.3 million skin smear microscopies were reported in the last decade in the SUS. The median annual incidence was 67 skin smear microscopies for leprosy per 100,000 residents, with the maximum observed in 2013 (82) and the minimum in 2022 (46). Annual incidences in the North, Central-West, and Northeast macro-regions were significantly higher than the national estimate, whereas in the South and Southeast, they were lower (p <0.05). The temporal trend was considered decreasing for the national estimate (p = 0.002), with an annual percentage variation of -5.6% (95%CI = -3.8%; -8.2%). However, after disregarding the years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022), the trend became stationary (p = 0.181). Furthermore, the incidence during the pre-pandemic period was significantly higher compared with the third year after the advent of the pandemic in all macro-regions of Brazil (p<0.05).Conclusion:It was possible to conclude that the SUS performed a significant number of skin smear microscopies for leprosy in the last ten years, but there are macro-regional disparities in Brazil and a significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

[ROC curves: general characteristics and their usefulness in clinical practice]. / Curvas ROC: características generales y su uso en la práctica clínica.

The use of diagnostic tests to determine the presence or absence of a disease is essential in clinical practice. The results of a diagnostic test may correspond to numerical estimates that require quantitative reference parameters to be transferred to a dichotomous interpretation as normal or abnormal and thus implement actions for the care of a condition or disease. For example, in the diagnosis of anemia it is necessary to define a cut-off point for the hemoglobin variable and create two categories that distinguish the presence or absence of anemia. The method used for this process is the preparation of diagnostic performance curves, better known by their acronym in English as ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). The ROC curve is also useful as a prognostic marker, since it allows defining the cut-off point of a quantitative variable that is associated with greater mortality or risk of complications. They have been used in different prognostic markers in COVID-19, such as the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer, in which cut-off points associated with mortality and/or risk of mechanical ventilation were identified. The ROC curve is used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a test in isolation, but it can also be used to compare the performance of two or more diagnostic tests and define which one is more accurate. This article describes the basic concepts for the use and interpretation of the ROC curve, the interpretation of an area under the curve (AUC) and the comparison of two or more diagnostic tests.

El uso de pruebas diagnósticas para determinar la presencia o ausencia de una enfermedad es esencial en la práctica clínica. Los resultados de una prueba diagnóstica pueden corresponder a estimaciones numéricas que requieren parámetros cuantitativos de referencia para trasladarse a una interpretación dicotómica como normal o anormal y así, implementar acciones para la atención de una condición o una enfermedad. Por ejemplo, en el diagnóstico de anemia es necesario definir un punto de corte para la variable hemoglobina y crear dos categorías que distingan la presencia o no de anemia. El método utilizado para este proceso es la elaboración de curvas de rendimiento diagnóstico, mejor conocidas por sus siglas en inglés como ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). La curva ROC además es útil como marcador pronóstico, ya que permite definir el punto de corte de una variable cuantitativa que se asocia a mayor mortalidad o riesgo de complicaciones. Se han usado en distintos marcadores pronósticos en COVID-19, como el índice neutrófilos/linfocitos y dímero D, en los que se identificaron puntos de corte asociados a mortalidad y/o riesgo de ventilación mecánica. La curva ROC se utiliza para evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de una prueba de forma aislada, pero también se puede usar para comparar el rendimiento de dos o más pruebas diagnósticas y definir aquella que es más precisa. En este artículo se describen los conceptos básicos para el uso e interpretación de la curva ROC, la interpretación de un área bajo la curva (ABC) y la comparación de dos o más pruebas diagnósticas.

Utilidad de una unidad de diagnóstico rápido durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 para el diagnóstico de cáncer / Utility of a quick diagnostic unit during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for the diagnosis of cancer

Objetivos Analizar el impacto en la actividad asistencial, tiempo de los intervalos de derivación y diagnósticos y la incidencia de cáncer durante los 2primeros años de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en una Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo observacional realizado durante el año prepandémico (1 marzo del 2019-29 febrero del 2020) y los 2primeros años de pandemia (1 marzo del 2020-28 febrero del 2022). Se evaluaron y compararon variables demográficas, clínicas, el intervalo de la primera visita, el intervalo diagnóstico y el intervalo primera visita-diagnóstico. Resultados Durante la primera ola pandémica hubo una reducción de derivaciones (–32,6%), registrándose desde la segunda ola hasta el final del primer año y segundo año de pandemia un incremento del 8,1 y el 17,7%, respectivamente. Se identificó un incremento de derivaciones de Atención Primaria y disminución de urgencias. El aumento de diagnósticos de cáncer del 2,7 y el 15,7% en los 2años de pandemia fue proporcional al incremento de derivaciones. No se observaron cambios en procesos benignos ni en las localizaciones y estadificaciones del cáncer. El intervalo de la primera vista fue superior en enfermedades benignas (p<0,0001). Se objetivó una prolongación del intervalo diagnóstico en pacientes con cáncer, aunque durante los 3años del estudio la mediana fue <15 días. Conclusiones El impacto de la pandemia incidió en el tiempo de los intervalos y en las procedencias de las derivaciones. La unidad de diagnóstico rápido constituye una ruta diagnóstica de cáncer complementaria de carácter urgente con un alto rendimiento diagnóstico (AU)

Objectives To analyse changes in health care activity, time of referral and diagnosis intervals and the incidence of cancer during the first 2years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a quick diagnosis unit. Materials and methods A retrospective observational study was carried out during the prepandemic year (March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020) and the first 2years of the pandemic (March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2022). Demographic and clinical variables, the first visit interval, the diagnosis interval and the first visit-diagnosis interval were evaluated and compared. Results During the first pandemic wave, there was a reduction in referrals (−32.6%), which then increased 8.1% and 17.7% from the second wave until the end of the first pandemic year and the second pandemic year, respectively. An increase in referrals to primary care and a decrease in emergencies were identified. The increase in cancer diagnoses of 2.7% and 15.7% in the 2years of the pandemic was proportional to the increase in referrals. No changes were observed in benign processes or in cancer locations and stages. The first visit interval was higher for benign diseases (p < 0.0001). A prolongation of the diagnosis interval was observed in cancer patients, although during the 3years of the study the median was <15 days. Conclusions The impact of the pandemic affected the length of intervals and the origins of referrals. The quick diagnosis units constitute and urgent complementary cancer diagnostic route with a high diagnosis yield (AU)

Interferencia generada por la lipemia en la medición de constituyentes bioquímicos

Introducción. La turbidez por lipemia en las muestras para diagnóstico es una de las principales causas de la aparición de sesgos clínicamente significativos en la medición de magnitudes bioquímicas. Objetivo. Valorar la interferencia por lipemia en la medición de 25 constituyentes bioquímicos en dos analizadores con tecnología de química seca (Vitros 7600®) y química liquida (Atellica® Solution). Métodos. Estudio pre-experimental con pre y posprueba. Se añadieron cantidades crecientes de una emulsión lipídica de nutrición parenteral a siete alícuotas de una mezcla de sueros y se determinó por duplicado la influencia del interferente en 25 constituyentes. Se calculó el porcentaje relativo de desviación de la concentración del constituyente por influencia de la turbidez con respecto a una muestra sin interferente. Se establecieron límites de tolerancia para la interferencia utilizando tres criterios: del distribuidor de reactivos, del error sistemático deseable y del error máximo admisible. Resultados. Los constituyentes que presentaron los mayores sesgos para el analizador de química liquida fueron: fósforo (-84,72%), ALT (+81,25%) y AST (-75,76%), mientras que para la plataforma de química seca los constituyentes: ALT (-79,41%), CK (-28,92%) y lipasa (+24,85%). Se detectó interferencia significativa en diferente número de los constituyentes de acuerdo con el criterio de límite tolerable utilizado. Conclusiones. Los distintos resultados encontrados según la metodología y el analizador utilizado, además de la falta de replicabilidad de los ensayos para la valoración de interferencia por lipemia, origina la necesidad de armonizar los procesos e instaurar límites idénticos de interferencia tolerables entre los laboratorios y proveedores de insumos.

Introduction. Turbidity due to lipemia in diagnostic samples is one of the main causes of the appearance of clinically significant biases in the measurement of biochemical magnitudes. Objective. To assess the interference by lipemia in the measurement of 25 biochemical constituents in two analyzers with dry chemistry technology (Vitros 7600®) and liquid chemistry (Atellica® Solution). Methods. Pre-experimental study with pre and post test. Increasing amounts of a parenteral nutrition lipid emulsion were added to seven aliquots of pooled sera and the influence of the interferent on 25 constituents was determined in duplicate. The relative percentage deviation of the concentration of the constituent due to the influence of turbidity with respect to a sample without interference, was calculated. Tolerance limits for interference were established using three criteria: reagent distributor, desirable systematic error, and maximum permissible error. Results. The constituents that presented the greatest biases for the liquid chemistry analyzer were: Phosphorus (-84.72%), ALT (+81.25%) and AST (-75.76%), while for the dry chemistry platform the constituents, ALT (-79.41%), CK (-28.92%) and lipase (+24.85%). Significant interference was detected in a different number of constituents according to the tolerable limit criteria used. Conclusions. The different results found according to the methodology and the analyzer used, in addition to the lack of replicability of the tests for the evaluation of interference by lipemia, originates the need to harmonize the processes and establish identical limits of tolerable interference between the laboratories and suppliers of inputs.

Utility of a quick diagnostic unit during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for the diagnosis of cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse changes in health care activity, time of referral and diagnosis intervals and the incidence of cancer during the first two years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a quick diagnosis unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out during the prepandemic year (March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020) and the first two years of the pandemic (March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2022). Demographic and clinical variables, the first visit interval, the diagnosis interval and the first visit-diagnosis interval were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: During the first pandemic wave, there was a reduction in referrals (-32.6%), which then increased 8.1% and 17.7% from the second wave until the end of the first pandemic year and the second pandemic year, respectively. An increase in referrals to primary care and a decrease in emergencies were identified. The increase in cancer diagnoses of 2.7% and 15.7% in the two years of the pandemic was proportional to the increase in referrals. No changes were observed in benign processes or in cancer locations and stages. The first visit interval was higher for benign diseases (p<0.0001). A prolongation of the diagnosis interval was observed in cancer patients, although during the three years of the study the median was <15 days. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the pandemic affected the length of intervals and the origins of referrals. The quick diagnosis units constitutes and urgent complementary cancer diagnostic route with a high diagnosis yield.

Estudio de sistematización de experiencias y aprendizajes subvención multipaís "Fortalecimiento de la Red de Laboratorios de Tuberculosis en la Región de las Américas" / Study of systematization of experiences and learnings multi-country grant "Strengthening the Network of Tuberculosis Laboratories in the Region of the Americas"

El estudio de la sistematización de experiencias y aprendizajes, detalla los principales resultados sobre: sinergia entre las capacitaciones, documentos técnicos, pasantías y reuniones técnicas; contribución de las asesorías, visitas técnicas y controles de calidad al fortalecimiento de los LRN; fortalecimiento de la red de laboratorios de Las Américas; cumplimiento de los compromisos derivados de la subvención; diseño y gestión de la subvención; lecciones aprendidas de la subvención; retos para la red de laboratorios; anexos

Vigilância epidemiológica dos diagnósticos de enfermagem: qual a realidade no agrupamento de centros de saúde do Alto Minho? / Epidemiological surveillance of nursing diagnoses: what is the reality in the Alto Minho cluster of health centres?

O presente trabalho surge no âmbito da Unidade Curricular: Estágio de Natureza Profissional com Relatório Final, inserido no plano curricular do II Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária, da Escola Superior de Saúde, do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo. Este tem como principal finalidade a análise critico-reflexiva da investigação e das atividades realizadas durante o estágio estruturantes do desenvolvimento simultaneamente de competências conducentes à obtenção ao grau de mestre em Enfermagem Comunitária e das competências comuns e especificas à obtenção posteriormente, do título profissional de Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária (EEEC), na área da Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública, atribuído pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros (OE). Decorreu no período de 1 de março a 31 de agosto de 2022. O desenvolvimento deste percurso, teve como problemática central a vigilância epidemiológica dos diagnósticos de enfermagem (VEDE), a partir de uma Unidade de Saúde Pública (USP), tendo como alvo o processo de cuidados prestados pelos enfermeiros do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde (ACeS) da região norte. Para a compreensão desta realidade e do potencial de intervenção que lhe está inerente recorreu-se ao Modelo de Avaliação, Intervenção e Empoderamento Comunitário (MAIEC, Pedro Melo, 2016). Assim, tendo como objetivo principal conhecer a realidade da VEDE no ACeS, onde se realizou o estágio, realizou-se um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, num universo de 262 enfermeiros, sendo a amostra constituída por 77 enfermeiros. A partir da análise documental do Diagnóstico Local de Saúde e do Plano Local de Saúde do ACeS, foram identificados os principais fenómenos de enfermagem e determinadas as taxas de documentação dos mesmos por parte dos enfermeiros. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam um nível baixo de documentação dos diagnósticos de enfermagem e avaliação diagnóstica da gestão comunitária do ACeS sobre a VEDE está comprometida em todas as suas dimensões diagnósticas (liderança comunitária, participação comunitária e processo comunitário).

The present work comes within the scope of the Curricular Unit: Internship of a Professional Nature with Final Report, inserted in the curricular plan of the II Master's Course in Community Nursing, of the Superior School of Health, of the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo. This has as its main purpose the critical-reflexive analysis of the investigation and activities carried out during the structuring stage of the simultaneous development of skills leading to obtaining a master's degree in Community Nursing and common and specific skills to subsequently obtain the professional title of Nurse Specialist in Community Nursing (EEEC), in the area of Community Health Nursing and Public Health, awarded by the Order of Nurses (OE). It took place from March 1 to August 31, 2022. The development of this course had as its central problem the epidemiological surveillance of nursing diagnoses (VEDE), from a Public Health Unit (USP), having as its target the care process provided by nurses from the Grouping of Health Centers (ACeS) in the northern region. In order to understand this reality and the potential for intervention inherent to it, the Model of Evaluation, Intervention and Community Empowerment (MAIEC, Pedro Melo, 2016) was used. Thus, with the main objective of knowing the reality of VEDE in ACeS, where the internship took place, an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out, in a universe of 262 nurses, with a sample consisting of 77 nurses. Based on the documental analysis of the Local Health Diagnosis and the Local Health Plan of ACeS, the main nursing phenomena were identified and the rates of documentation of these by nurses were determined. The results obtained show a low level of documentation of nursing diagnoses and diagnostic evaluation of the community management of ACeS on VEDE is compromised in all its diagnostic dimensions (community leadership, community participation and community process).